MHRA Citation Generator

Create MHRA 4th edition citations for free. Paste a DOI, ISBN or link, or fill in the form, and get the bibliography entry and the footnote formatted to 4th edition (2024). No sign-up, nothing to install.

Style: MHRA 4th edition

Or enter it yourself:

Bibliography (0)

Your citations appear here, formatted in MHRA 4th edition. They are saved in this browser only: nothing is sent to us, and no account is needed.

    Paste and cite

    DOI, ISBN, PubMed, arXiv, YouTube or any web page. The details come from Crossref, Open Library, NCBI and the page itself.

    Nothing missing

    Every field your style needs is checked, and gaps are flagged in amber before they cost you marks.

    10,863 styles

    The official Citation Style Language files, the same ones Zotero and Mendeley use, plus a dedicated AGLC4 engine.

    MHRA rules students get wrong

    MHRA 4th edition, 4th edition (2024). Used in: Modern languages, literature, history and the other humanities, mainly in the United Kingdom.

    • Citations go in footnotes: the first citation of a work is a full reference, later ones a shortened form (sections 7.1 and 7.12).
    • Give authors' forenames in full, as on the title page; with more than three authors, name the first and add "and others", never "et al." (section 7.3).
    • The publisher and the year go together in round brackets, separated by a comma; the place of publication is not required (section 7.3).
    • Article titles take single quotation marks, the journal is italicised, the year follows the volume in round brackets, and the page span takes "pp." (section 7.4).
    • Always give the first and last page of a span, never "ff."; use "ibid." sparingly, and never "op. cit." or "loc. cit." (sections 7.3 and 7.12).

    MHRA examples for every source

    Each example below was formatted by this generator, so it is exactly what you will get.

    Journal article

    Bibliography entry

    LeCun, Yann, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton, ‘Deep Learning’, Nature, 521.7553 (2015), pp. 436–44, doi:10.1038/nature14539

    Footnote

    Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton, ‘Deep Learning’, Nature, 521.7553 (2015), pp. 436–44 (p. 437), doi:10.1038/nature14539.

    Later footnotes

    LeCun, Bengio, and Hinton, ‘Deep Learning’, p. 437.

    Book

    Bibliography entry

    Kahneman, Daniel, Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011)

    Footnote

    Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), p. 20.

    Later footnotes

    Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, p. 20.

    Chapter in an edited book

    Bibliography entry

    Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman, ‘Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases’, in Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, ed. by Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky (Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 3–20

    Footnote

    Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, ‘Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases’, in Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, ed. by Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky (Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 3–20 (p. 4).

    Later footnotes

    Tversky and Kahneman, ‘Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases’, p. 4.

    Web page

    Bibliography entry

    World Health Organization, ‘Depression’, World Health Organization, 31 March 2023 <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression> [accessed 28 September 2026]

    Footnote

    World Health Organization, ‘Depression’, World Health Organization, 31 March 2023 <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression> [accessed 28 September 2026].

    Later footnotes

    World Health Organization, ‘Depression’.

    YouTube video

    Bibliography entry

    3Blue1Brown, But What Is a Neural Network? | Deep Learning Chapter 1, Video (YouTube, 2017) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aircAruvnKk> [accessed 28 September 2026]

    Footnote

    3Blue1Brown, But What Is a Neural Network? | Deep Learning Chapter 1, Video (YouTube, 2017), 4:15 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aircAruvnKk> [accessed 28 September 2026].

    Later footnotes

    3Blue1Brown, But What Is a Neural Network? | Deep Learning Chapter 1, 4:15.

    Podcast episode

    Bibliography entry

    Glass, Ira, ‘Amusement Park’, This American Life (WBEZ Chicago, 12 August 2011), episode 443 <https://www.thisamericanlife.org/443/amusement-park>

    Footnote

    Ira Glass, ‘Amusement Park’, This American Life (WBEZ Chicago, 12 August 2011), episode 443, 12:30 <https://www.thisamericanlife.org/443/amusement-park>.

    Later footnotes

    Glass, ‘Amusement Park’, 12:30.

    Lecture or speech

    Bibliography entry

    Pausch, Randy, ‘Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams’, Lecture, Journeys Lecture Series, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 18 September 2007 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo>

    Footnote

    Randy Pausch, ‘Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams’, Lecture, Journeys Lecture Series, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 18 September 2007, 10:05 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo>.

    Later footnotes

    Pausch, ‘Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams’, 10:05.

    Newspaper article

    Bibliography entry

    Roose, Kevin, ‘A Conversation with Bing’s Chatbot Left Me Deeply Unsettled’, The New York Times, 16 February 2023 <https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/technology/bing-chatbot-microsoft-chatgpt.html>

    Footnote

    Kevin Roose, ‘A Conversation with Bing’s Chatbot Left Me Deeply Unsettled’, The New York Times, 16 February 2023 <https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/technology/bing-chatbot-microsoft-chatgpt.html>.

    Later footnotes

    Roose, ‘A Conversation with Bing’s Chatbot Left Me Deeply Unsettled’.

    Magazine article

    Bibliography entry

    Carr, Nicholas, ‘Is Google Making Us Stupid?’, The Atlantic, 302.1 (2008), pp. 56–63

    Footnote

    Nicholas Carr, ‘Is Google Making Us Stupid?’, The Atlantic, 302.1 (2008), pp. 56–63 (p. 57).

    Later footnotes

    Carr, ‘Is Google Making Us Stupid?’, p. 57.

    Report

    Bibliography entry

    World Health Organization, World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All (World Health Organization, 2022) <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338>

    Footnote

    World Health Organization, World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All (World Health Organization, 2022) <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338>.

    Later footnotes

    World Health Organization, World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All.

    Thesis or dissertation

    Bibliography entry

    Nash, John Forbes, ‘Non-Cooperative Games’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Princeton University, 1950)

    Footnote

    John Forbes Nash, ‘Non-Cooperative Games’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Princeton University, 1950).

    Later footnotes

    Nash, ‘Non-Cooperative Games’.

    Conference paper

    Bibliography entry

    Vaswani, Ashish, and others, ‘Attention Is All You Need’, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 30 (2017), pp. 5998–6008

    Footnote

    Ashish Vaswani and others, ‘Attention Is All You Need’, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 30 (2017), pp. 5998–6008.

    Later footnotes

    Vaswani and others, ‘Attention Is All You Need’.

    Dataset

    Bibliography entry

    Fisher, R. A., ‘Iris’, UCI Machine Learning Repository, 1988, doi:10.24432/C56C76

    Footnote

    R. A. Fisher, ‘Iris’, UCI Machine Learning Repository, 1988, doi:10.24432/C56C76.

    Later footnotes

    Fisher, ‘Iris’.

    Film

    Bibliography entry

    Nolan, Christopher (dir.), Inception (Warner Bros. Pictures, 2010)

    Footnote

    Inception, dir. by Christopher Nolan (Warner Bros. Pictures, 2010), 1:12:05.

    Later footnotes

    Nolan, Inception, 1:12:05.

    Software or app

    Bibliography entry

    R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, version 4.3.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2023) <https://www.R-project.org/>

    Footnote

    R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, version 4.3.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2023) <https://www.R-project.org/>.

    Later footnotes

    R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.

    ChatGPT or other AI

    Bibliography entry

    OpenAI, ChatGPT, Large language model, Mar 14 version (14 March 2023) <https://chat.openai.com/chat>

    Footnote

    OpenAI, ChatGPT, Large language model, Mar 14 version (14 March 2023) <https://chat.openai.com/chat>.

    Later footnotes

    OpenAI, ChatGPT.

    Dictionary or encyclopedia entry

    Bibliography entry

    Merriam-Webster, ‘Culture’, Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, n.d. <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture> [accessed 28 September 2026]

    Footnote

    Merriam-Webster, ‘Culture’, Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, n.d. <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture> [accessed 28 September 2026].

    Later footnotes

    Merriam-Webster, ‘Culture’.

    Preprint (arXiv, SSRN, bioRxiv)

    Bibliography entry

    Devlin, Jacob, and others, ‘BERT: Pre-Training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding’, Preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (arXiv, 11 October 2018), doi:10.48550/arXiv.1810.04805

    Footnote

    Jacob Devlin and others, ‘BERT: Pre-Training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding’, Preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (arXiv, 11 October 2018), doi:10.48550/arXiv.1810.04805.

    Later footnotes

    Devlin and others, ‘BERT: Pre-Training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding’.

    Blog post

    Bibliography entry

    Karpathy, Andrej, ‘The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks’, Andrej Karpathy Blog, 21 May 2015 <https://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/>

    Footnote

    Andrej Karpathy, ‘The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks’, Andrej Karpathy Blog, 21 May 2015 <https://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/>.

    Later footnotes

    Karpathy, ‘The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks’.

    Court case

    Bibliography entry

    ‘Mabo v Queensland (No 2)’, in 175 CLR 1, 1992

    Footnote

    ‘Mabo v Queensland (No 2)’, in 175 CLR 1, 1992, p. 42.

    Later footnotes

    ‘Mabo v Queensland (No 2)’, p. 42.

    Legislation

    Bibliography entry

    Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), n.d.

    Footnote

    Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), n.d., sect. 6.

    Later footnotes

    Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), sect. 6.

    Other citation styles

    How to cite every kind of source

    Finished the paper? Check it.

    Paste your paper into the citation checker: every footnote is matched to your bibliography, the style's rules are checked, and most mistakes fix in one click.

    Free MHRA citation checker

    Quoting a video, lecture or podcast?

    Most styles want the exact words and the timestamp. Get the full transcript with timestamps, search it for the line you need, then cite it here.

    Free YouTube transcript generator

    Questions

    Citations are formatted by citeproc-js by Frank Bennett (CPAL-1.0, or AGPL-1.0), the engine behind Zotero and Mendeley, running the official Citation Style Language styles (10,863 styles, commit 2e93558) and locales (commit a89adec), used under CC BY-SA 3.0. AGLC4 citations use the LexIntellect AGLC4 engine, checked against the Guide's worked examples. Always check a citation against the manual or your institution's guide before you submit.

    Which edition of MHRA does this follow?

    MHRA 4th edition: 4th edition (2024), formatted from the mhra-notes style in the Citation Style Language repository. It matches 5 reference examples from the MHRA Style Guide character for character. Another 3 differ (book, journal article and chapter in an edited book), so check those source types against the manual.

    Who uses MHRA?

    Modern languages, literature, history and the other humanities, mainly in the United Kingdom.

    Is the MHRA generator free?

    Yes. No account, no limit, and every export (Word, BibTeX, RIS, CSL-JSON) is included. Your list stays in your browser.

    Where do the details come from when I paste a DOI or link?

    DOIs come from Crossref and DataCite, ISBNs from Open Library and Google Books, PubMed IDs from NCBI, arXiv IDs from arXiv, YouTube links from YouTube, and web pages from the citation metadata the publisher embeds in the page (the same tags Google Scholar reads). Pages that carry no metadata are filled in as far as possible and the gaps are flagged for you.

    Can I export to Word, Zotero, EndNote or LaTeX?

    Yes. Copy the list with its italics into Word or Google Docs, download a formatted .docx, or export BibTeX for LaTeX, RIS for EndNote, Zotero and Mendeley, or CSL-JSON.

    How do I cite a quote from a video or lecture?

    Add the timestamp in the pinpoint box and paste the quote: the generator formats both for your style. To find the exact wording and the time it was said, get the full transcript of the video with timestamps first.